ISSUES, POSSIBILITIES AND THE ROLE OF NEURAL NOISE IN MEDITATION RESEARCH
Palavras-chave:
Meditation, Awareness, Buddha-hood, Neural Noise, SleepResumo
In recent years, a surge of interest came up with studies in terms of the influence of different types of meditation on the brain and body. Lacking the basic understanding as to why ancient cultures conceived this practice primarily in its various facets, most of these studies mainly focus on delineating the underlying mechanisms of influence in terms of wellbeing and the cognitive enhancement. Thus, they not only involve various definitional and taxonomical issues, but also methodological issues. In this concern, here, we share a new perspective and also emphasize on few issues which are fundamental to meditation research that should be addressed in future studies.
Referências
ARAMBULA, P. et al. The physiological correlates of Kundalini yoga meditation: a study of a yoga master. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, v. 26, p. 147-153, 2001.
AWASTHI, B. Issues and perspectives in meditation research: in search for a definition. Frontiers in Psychology, v. 3, p. 613, 2013. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00613. BÆRENTSEN, K. B. Patanjali and neuroscientific research on meditation. Frontiers in Psychology, v. 6, p. 915, 2015. BRABOSZCZ, C. et al. Meditation and neuroscience: from basic research to clinical practice. In: CARLSTEDT, R. (Ed.). Integrative clinical psychology, psychiatry and behavioral medicine: perspectives, practices and research. New York: Springer Publishing, 2010. chap. 27, p. 1910- 1929.
BRABOSZCZ, C. et al. Increased gamma brain wave amplitude compared to control in three different meditation traditions. PLoS One, v. 12, n. 1, p. 1-27, 2017.
CVETKOVIC, D.; COSIC, I. (Ed.). States of consciousness: experimental insights intomeditation, waking, sleep and dreams. New York: Springer, 2011.
DISSANAYAKA, C. et al. Comparison between human awake, meditation and drowsiness EEG activities based on directed transfer function and MVDR coherence methods. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, v. 53, p. 599-607, 2015.
DINSTEIN, I. Neural variability: friend or foe? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, v. 19, p. 322-328, 2015.
FERRARELLI, F. et al. Experienced mindfulness meditators exhibit higher parietal-occipital eeg gamma activity during NREM Sleep. PLoS One, v. 8, n. 8, p. e73417, 2013. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073417. FRIES, P. A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: neuronal communication through neuronal coherence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, v. 9, n. 10, p. 474-480, 2005. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.011.
GOH, J. O.; PARK, D. C. Neuroplasticity and cognitive aging: the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition. Restorative Neurology Neuroscience, v. 27, n. 5, p. 391-403, 2009. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2009-0493.
KAUR, C.; SINGH, P. EEG derived neuronal dynamics during meditation: progress and challenges. Advances in Preventive Medicine, v. 2015, p. 1-10, 2015. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2015/614723. KRUEGER, J. M. et al. Sleep function: toward elucidating an enigma. Sleep Medicine Reviews, v. 28, p. 46-54, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.005.
LEE, D. J. et al. Review of the neural oscillations underlying meditation. Frontiers in Neuroscience, v. 12, p. 178, 2018.doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00178.
LLINAS, R. R.; RIBARY, U. Consciousness and the brain: the thalamocortical dialogue in health and disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 929, n. 1, p. 166-175, 2006. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05715.x.
MCDONNELL, M. D. The benefits of noise in neural systems: bridging theory and experiment. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, v. 12, n. 7, p. 415-426, 2011.
NAGENDRA, R. P.; MARUTHAI, N.; KUTTY, B. M. Meditation and its regulatory role on sleep. Frontiers in Neuroscience, v. 3, p. 54, 2012. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00054.
NASH, J. D.; NEWBERG, A. Toward a unifying taxonomy and definition for meditation. Frontiers in Psychology, v. 4, p. 806, 2013. PARK, Y. J.; PARK, Y. B. Clinical utility of paced breathing as a concentration meditation practice. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, v. 20, n. 6, p. 393-399, 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2012.07.008.
PARK, D. C.; BISCHOF, G. N. The aging mind: neuroplasticity in response to cognitive training. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, v. 15, n. 1, p.109-119, 2013.
RAO, K. R. Applied yoga psychology: studies of neurophysiology of meditation. Journal of Consciousness Studies: Controversies in Science & The Humanities, v. 18, p. 161-198, 2011.
REDDY, J. S. K.; ROY, S. Commentary: patanjali and neuroscientific research on meditation. Frontiers in Psychology, v. 9, p. 248, 2018. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00248.
ROY, S.; LLINÁS, R. Role of noise in brain function. In: BERTRAND, Z. et al. (Ed.). Science: image in action. Singapore: World Scientific Publishers, 2012. p. 34-44.
ROY, S. Decision making and modeling in cognitive science. Índia: Springer, 2016.
RUKMANI, T. S. Yoga sutras of patanjali: with the commentary of vyasa. Montreal: Chair in Hindu Studies, Concordia University, 2001. SARASWATI, S. S. Yoga Nidra. Munger: Yoga Publications Trust, 2008.
SCHMIDT, S. Opening up meditation for science: the development of a meditation classification system. In: SCHMIDT, S.; WALACH, H. (Ed.). Meditation: neuroscientific approaches and philosophical implications. Cham Switzerland: Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2014. p. 137-152.
SCHMIDT, S.; WALACH, H. (Ed.). Meditation: neuroscientific approaches and philosophical implications. Cham Switzerland: Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2014.
SHARMA, A. Sleep as a state of consciousness in Advaita Vedånta. New York: State University of New York, 2004.
STEIN, R. B.; GOSSEN, E. R.; KELVIN, E. J. Neuronal variability: noise or part of the signal? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, v. 6, p. 389-397, 2005. doi:10.1038/nrn1668
TANG, Y. Y.; HÖLZEL, B. K.; POSNER, M. I. The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, v. 16, p. 213-225, 2015. TANG, Y. Y.; HÖLZEL, B. K.; POSNER, M. I. Traits and states in mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, v. 17, p. 59, 2016. TOMASINO, B.; CHIESA, A.; FABBRO, F. Disentangling neural mechanisms involved in Hinduism- and Buddhism-related meditations. Brain and Cognition, v. 90, p. 32-40, 2014.
TOMASINO, B.; FABBRO, F. Editorial: neuroimaging and neuropsychology of meditation states. Frontiers in Psychology, v. 6, p. 1757, 2015. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01757.
TRAVIS, F. et al. A selfreferential default brain state: patterns of coherence, power, and e LORETA sources during eyes closed rest and transcendental meditation practice. Cognitive Processing, v. 11, n. 1, p. 21-30, 2010.
TRAVIS, F. States of consciousness beyond waking, dreaming and sleeping: perspectives from research on meditation experiences. In: CVETKOVIC, D.; COSIC, I. (Ed.). States of consciousness: experimental insights into meditation, waking, sleep and dreams. New York:
Springer, 2011. p. 257-272.
VARELA, F. et al. The brain web: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, v. 2, n. 4, p. 229-239, 2001. doi: 10.1038/35067550.
VIALATTE, F. B. et al. EEG paroxysmal gamma waves during bhramari pranayama: a yoga breathing technique. Consciousness and Cognition, v. 18, n. 4, p. 977-988, 2009. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2008.01.004. VOSS, U. et al.
Lucid dreaming: a state of consciousness with features of both waking and nonlucid dreaming. Sleep, v. 32, p. 1191-1200, 2009. VOSS, U. et al. Measuring consciousness in dreams: the lucidity and consciousness in dreams scale. Consciousness and Cognition, v. 22, n. 1, p. 8-21, 2013.
VOSS, U. et al. Induction of self-awareness in dreams through frontal low current stimulation of gamma activity. Nature Neuroscience, v. 17, p.810-812, 2014. doi:10.1038/nn.3719.
WINBUSH, N. Y.; GROSS, C. R.; KREITZER, M. J. The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on sleep disturbance: a systematic review. Explore, v. 3, n. 6, p. 585-591, 2007.
WINDT, J. M.; NOREIKA, V. How to integrate dreaming into a general theory of consciousness - a critical review of existing positions and suggestions for future research. Consciousness and Cognition, v. 20, n. 4, p. 1091-1107, 2011.
WINDT, J. M.; NIELSEN, T.; THOMPSON, E. Does consciousness disappear in dreamless sleep? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, v. 20, n. 12, p. 871-882, 2016.
WOODS, J. H. The yoga-sutra of patanjali. New York: Dover, 1927/2003.
XU, L. et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science, v. 342, p. 373-377, 2014.
